Tag Archives: aristotele

Aristotle’s Perversion

The ladies and gentlemen you see above are practicing the sexual roleplay called pony play, in which one of the two participants takes on the role of the horse and the other of the jockey. This is a quirky niche within the wider field of dom/sub relationships, yet according to the alternative sexuality expert Ayzad

aficionados can reach impressive levels of specialization: there are those who prefer working on posture and those who organize real races on the track, some live it as a sexual variant while others tend to focus on the psychological experience. Ponygirls often report loving this game because it allows them to regress to a primordial perception of the world, in which every feeling is experienced with greater intensity: many describe reverting to their usual “human condition” as harsh and unpleasant. Although there are no precise figures, it is believed that pony play is actively practiced by no more than 2,000 people worldwide, yet this fantasy is appreciated by a far greater number of sympathizers.

Ayzad, XXX. Il dizionario del sesso insolito, Castelvecchi. Edizione Kindle.

But few people know that this erotic mis-en-scene has an illustrious forerunner: the first unwilling ponyboy in history was none other than the greatest philosopher of ancient times1, Aristotle!

(Well, not really. But what is reality, dear Aristotle?)

At the beginning of the 1200s, in fact, a curious legend began to circulate: the story featured Aristotle secretly falling in love with Phyllis, wife of Alexander the Macedonian (who was a pupil of the great philosopher) .
Phyllis, a beautiful and shrewd woman, decided to exploit Aristotle’s infatuation to teach a lesson to her husband, who was neglecting her by spending whole days with his mentor. So she told Aristotle that she would grant him her favors if he agreed to let her ride on his back. Blinded by passion, the philosopher accepted and Phyllis arranged for Alexander the Great to witness, unseen, this comic and humiliating scene.

The story, mentioned for the first time in a sermon by Jacques de Vitry, became immediately widespread in popular iconography, so much so that it was represented in etchings, sculptures, furnishing objects, etc. To understand its fortune we must focus for a moment on its two main protagonists.

First of all, Aristotle: why is he the victim of the satire? Why targeting a philosopher, and not for instance a king or a Pope?
The joke worked on different levels: the most educated could read it as a roast of the Aristotelian doctrine of enkráteia, i.e. temperance, or knowing how to judge the pros and cons of pleasures, knowing how to hold back and dominate, the ability to maintain full control over oneself and one’s own ethical values.
But even the less educated understood that this story was meant to poke fun at the hypocrisy of all philosophers — always preaching about morality, quibbling about virtue, advocating detachment from pleasures and instincts. In short, the story mocked those who love to put theirselves on a pedestal and teach about right and wrong.

On the other hand, there was Phyllis. What was her function within the story?
At first glance the anecdote may seem a classic medieval exemplum designed to warn against the dangerous, treacherous nature of women. A cautionary tale showing how manipulative a woman could be, clever enough to subdue and seduce even the most excellent minds.
But perhaps things are not that simple, as we will see.

And finally there’s the act of riding, which implies a further ambiguity of a sexual nature: did this particular type of humiliation hide an erotic allusion? Was it a domination fantasy, or did it instead symbolize a gallant disposition to serve and submit to the beloved maiden fair?

To better understand the context of the story of Phyllis and Aristotle, we must inscribe it in the broader medieval topos of the “Power of Women” (Weibermacht in German).
For example, a very similar anecdote saw Virgil in love with a woman, sometimes called Lucretia, who one night gave him a rendez-vous and lowered a wicker basket from a window so he coulf be lifted up to her room; but she then hoisted the basket just halfway up the wall, leaving Virgil trapped and exposed to public mockery the following morning.

Judith beheading Holofernes, Jael driving the nail through Sisara’s temple, Salome with the head of the Baptist or Delilah defeating Samson are all instances of very popular female figures who are victorious over their male counterparts, endlessly represented in medieval iconography and literature. Another example of the Power of Women trope are funny scenes of wives bossing their husbands around — a recurring  theme called the “battle of the trousers”.
These women, whether lascivious or perfidious, are depicted as having a dangerous power over men, yet at the same time they exercise a strong erotic fascination.

The most amusing scenes — such as Aristotle turned into a horse or Virgil in the basket — were designed to arouse laughter in both men and women, and were probably also staged by comic actors: in fact the role reversal (the “Woman on Top”) has a carnivalesque flavor. In presenting a paradoxical situation, maybe these stories had the ultimate effect of reinforcing the hierarchical structure in a society dominated by males.
And yet Susan L. Smith, a major expert on the issue, is convinced that their message was not so clearcut:

the Woman on Top is best understood not as a straightforward manifestation of medieval antifeminism but as a site of contest through which conflicting ideas about gender roles could be expressed.

Susan L. Smith, Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (2006)

The fact that the story of Phyllis and Aristotle lent itself to a more complex reading is also confirmed by Amelia Soth:

It was an era in which the belief that women were inherently inferior collided with the reality of female rulers, such as Queen Elizabeth, Mary Tudor, Mary, Queen of Scots, Queen Catherine of Portugal, and the archduchesses of the Netherlands, dominating the European scene. […] Yet the image remains ambiguous. Its popularity cannot be explained simply by misogyny and distrust of female power, because in its inclusion on love-tokens and in bawdy songs there is an element of delight in the unexpected reversal, the transformation of sage into beast of burden.

Perhaps even in the Middle Ages, and at the beginning of the modern period, the dynamics between genres were not so monolithic. The story of Phyllis and Aristotle had such a huge success precisely because it was susceptible to diametrically opposed interpretations: from time to time it could be used to warn against lust or, on the contrary, as a spicy and erotic anecdote (so much so that the couple was often represented in the nude).

For all these reasons, the topos never really disappeared but was subjected to many variations in the following centuries, of which historian Darin Hayton reports some tasty examples.

In 1810 the parlor games manual Le Petit Savant de Société described the “Cheval d’Aristote”, a vaguely cuckold penalty: the gentleman who had to endure it was obliged to get down on all fours and carry a lady on his back, as she received a kiss from all the other men in a circle.

The odd “Aristotle ride” also makes its appearance in advertising posters for hypnotists, a perfect example of the extravagances hypnotized spectators were allegedly forced to perform. (Speaking of the inversion of society’s rules, those two men on the left poster, who are compelled to kiss each other, are worth noting.)

In 1882 another great philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, brought to the stage his own version of Phyllis and Aristotle, himself taking on the role of the horse. In the photographs, he and his friend Paul Rée are at the mercy of the whip held by Lou von Salomé (the woman Nietzsche was madly in love with).

And finally let’s go back to the present day, and to those pony guys we saw at the beginning.
Today the “perversion of Aristotle”, far from being a warning about the loss of control, has come to mean the exact opposite: it has become a way to allow free rein (pun intended) to erotc imagination.

Ponies on the Delta, a ponly play festival, is held every year in Louisiana where a few hundred enthusiasts get together to engage in trot races, obstacle races and similar activities before a panel of experts. There are online stores that specialize in selling hooves and horse suits, dozens of dedicated social media accounts, and even an underground magazine called Equus Eroticus.

Who knows what the austere Stagirite would have thought, had he known that his name was going to be associated with such follies.
In a certain sense, the figure of Aristotle was really “perverted”: the philosopher had to submit not to the imaginary woman named Phyllis, but to the apocryphal legend of which he became the unwilling protagonist.

Allattamento maschile

Siete  in una sala d’attesa: sedute come voi ci sono altre otto o nove persone. Un bambino di pochi mesi, tenuto in braccio dal papà, ad un tratto comincia a piangere. Un po’ imbarazzato, l’uomo si guarda intorno. Poi solleva un lembo della sua camicia, e si scopre il capezzolo. Il neonato si attacca avidamente al seno, mentre il papà vi sorride. Non siete culturalmente preparati a una scena simile. Come reagireste?

Sembra l’ennesima leggenda urbana, invece è realtà: anche i maschi possono allattare.

Le ghiandole mammarie maschili, nonostante siano presenti in ciascun individuo, non producono latte in normali circostanze. Ma già Darwin aveva notato la loro “completezza” e aveva ipotizzato che agli albori dell’umanità i figli potessero essere allattati indistintamente da maschi e femmine. E i resoconti di bambini svezzati con “latte paterno” sono presenti fin dall’antichità (se ne rileva traccia nel Talmud, in Aristotele, perfino in Anna Karenina). George Gould e Walter Pyle nel loro Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine del 1896 registrano diversi casi di allattamento maschile negli Stati Uniti meridionali.

Recentemente alcune storie simili sono divenute celebri sui media di mezzo mondo. Il caso più conosciuto è quello di un padre di Walapore, nello Sri Lanka: nel 2002 si venne a sapere che quest’uomo, avendo perso la moglie durante il parto, da mesi ormai allattava al seno le due figliole. Un fatto strano per tutti, ma non per il padre, che raccontò con la massima naturalezza l’inizio della sua esperienza: “mia figlia maggiore rifiutava di essere nutrita col latte in polvere dal biberon. Una sera ero così affranto che, pur di farla smettere di piangere, le offrii il mio capezzolo. Allora mi resi conto che ero in grado di allattarla al seno”.

Laura Shanley, consulente per le maternità, dopo aver letto un saggio di Dana Raphael (The Tender Gift: Breastfeeding, 1978), decise di provare se fosse sufficiente l’auto-suggestione per indurre una produzione maschile di latte. Convinse l’ex-marito David a “dire a se stesso che poteva allattare, e nel giro di una settimana una delle sue mammelle si gonfiò ed iniziò a gocciolare latte”. Che la faccenda sia davvero così semplice sembra piuttosto inverosimile, ma lasciamo il beneficio del dubbio all’entusiasta Laura.

Fatto sta che diversi tipi di animali dividono il compito dell’allattamento equamente fra mamma e papà: non soltanto le comunità di volpi volanti della Malaysia (un genere di pipistrello, ecco l’articolo che ne parla) annoverano maschi allattanti, ma anche capre e colombi possono occasionalmente compiere lo stesso exploit. Ovviamente per quanto riguarda i colombi non si tratta di un vero e proprio allattamento, ma del cosiddetto latte di gozzo, prodotto lattiginoso che viene dispensato ai cuccioli tanto dalle madri quanto dai padri, durante i primi 10-12 giorni di vita.

Ma ritornando alla nostra specie, e ai casi reali, la produzione maschile di latte avviene più spesso per cause meno “romantiche”. Si tratta più comunemente di un effetto collaterale di alcuni trattamenti farmacologici a base di ormoni. Ad esempio, nella cura del cancro alla prostata vengono utilizzati ormoni femminili per arginare la proliferazione del tumore. Questo può portare ad una stimolazione delle ghiandole mammarie. Allo stesso modo, i transessuali che stanno compiendo la cura ormonale rilevano talvolta i medesimi sintomi. Trattamenti antipsicotici o l’assunzione di droghe che bloccano i recettori della dopamina potrebbero avere un effetto simile. Situazioni di stress e di mancanza di cibo possono portare alla produzione di latte maschile: lo si riscontrò in alcuni dei detenuti dei campi di concentramento durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale, e nelle truppe di ritorno dalle guerre di Vietnam e Corea.

Sembra insomma ormai ben documentata la possibilità che un uomo possa allattare suo figlio. Purtroppo, poche ricerche veramente esaustive sono state condotte al riguardo. Resta ancora un mistero come e in quali condizioni questa eventualità si palesi. Certo è che se una delle peculiarità escusivamente femminili dovesse venire a cadere, anche i ruoli all’interno della famiglia andrebbero ripensati.

Per molti padri, l’idea di nutrire il figlio attraverso il proprio corpo sembra essere un’esperienza desiderabile, un legame con il bambino che normalmente viene negato ad un maschio: le donne sono culturalmente predestinate a questo tipo di intimità, e il padre ne è tradizionalmente escluso. È possibile per i maschi “allenarsi” all’allattamento? Dovremmo forse pensare a un futuro più eterogeneo riguardo a questo aspetto dello svezzamento? Un bambino allattato indifferentemente da mamma e papà potrebbe crescere più sano e felice?