Tag Archives: cronenberg

Flesh and Dream: Anatomy of Surrealism

A few days ago I was invited to speak at the Rome Tatttoo Museum for Creative Mornings, a cultural event held every month around the world; it is a free and informal breakfast combined with a conference on a set theme, the same for all 196 cities in which the initiative takes place. January’s theme was SURREAL, and I therefore decided to talk about the relationship between anatomy and surrealism. Here is the revised transcription of my speech.

Brussels, 1932.
Near the railway station the annual Foire du Midi is held, gahtering in the capital all the traveling carnivals that tour Belgium.


Our protagonist is this man, just over thirty years old, who’s wandering around the fair and looking at the various attractions until his gaze is captured by a poster advertising Dr. Spitzner’s anatomical museum.

Dr. Spitzner is not even a real doctor, rather an anatomist who tried to set up a museum in Paris; he did not succeed, and started traveling with the carnival. His collection, behind a pedagogical façade (the museum is supposed to inform the public about the risks related to venereal diseases or alcohol abuse), is designed above all to arouse the audience’s mobrid curiosity and voyeurism.


The first thing that attracts the attention of our man is a beautiful wax sculpture of a sleeping woman: a mechanism makes her raise and lower her chest, as if she were breathing. The man pays the ticket and enters the sideshow. But past the red velvet curtains, a vision of wonder and horror appears before his eyes. Pathological waxes show the ravages of syphilis, monstrous bodies like those of the Tocci siamese twins are represented along scenes of surgical operations. Women appear to be operated by “phantom” hands, without arms or bodies. The same sleeping Venus seen at the entrance is dismantled under the eyes of the public, organ after organ, in a sort of spectacular dissection.

The man is upset, and the vision of the Spitzner museum will forever change his life.
In fact, our protagonist is called Paul Delvaux, a painter who until then has only painted post-impressionist (yet quite unimpressive!) bucolic landscapes.

After his visit to the Spitzner museum, however, his art will take a completely different path.
His paintings will turn into dreamlike visions, in which almost all the elements seem to refer to that original trauma or, better, to that original epiphany. The strange non-places which the figures inhabit seem to be suspended halfway between De Chirico‘s metaphysical landscapes and the fake neoclassical sceneries used in fairgrounds; his paintings are populated with sleeping venuses and female nudes, showing a cold and hieratic eroticism, and dozens of skeletons; the train station will become another of Delvaux’s obsessions.

Regarding that experience Delvaux will declare, many years later:

That disturbing, even a little morbid atmosphere, the unusual exhibition of anatomical waxes in a place meant for  joy, noise, lights, joviality […] All this has left deep traces in my life for a very long time. The discovery of the Spitzner museum made me veer completely in my conception of painting.

(cited in H. Palouzié e C. Ducourau, De la collection Fontana à la collection Spitzner, In Situ [En ligne], n.31, 2017)

But why was Delvaux so touched by the vision of the inside of the human body?
In Bananas (1971), Woody Allen wakes up after taking a blow on the head, and upon touching the wound he looks at his fingers and exclaims: “Blood! That should be on inside”. I believe this to bethe most concise definition of anatomy as a Freudian repression/denial.


What is inside the body should remain off-scene (obscene). We should never see it, because otherwise it would mean that something went wrong. The inside of our body is a misunderstood territory and a real taboo – we will later attempt to see why.
So of course, there is a certain fascination for the obscene, especially for a man like Delvaux who came from a rigid and puritan family; a mixture of erotic impulses and death.


But there’s more: those waxes have a quality that goes beyond reality. What Delvaux experienced is the surrealism of anatomy.
In fact, whenever we enter an anatomical museum, we’re accessing a totally alien, unsettling, absurd dimension.

It is therefore not surprising that the Surrealists, to whom Delvaux was close, exploited anatomy to destabilize their audience: surrealists were constantly searching for this type of elements, and experiences, which could free the unconscious.
Surrealism also had a fascination for death, right from its very beginnings. One example is the Poisson soluble, Breton‘s syllogy which accompanied the Manifesto (the idea of a “soluble fish” can make us smile, but is in truth desperately dramatic), another is the famous creative game of the “exquisite corpse“.
The Surrealist Manifesto stated it very clearly: “Surrealism will introduce you to Death, which is a secret society”.

So Max Ernst in his collage wroks for Une semaine de bonté often used scraps of anatomical illustrations; Roland Topor cut and peeled his characters with Sadeian cruelty, hinting at the menacing monsters of the unconscious lurking under our skin; Réné Magritte covered his two lovers’ faces with a cloth, as if they were already corpses on the autopsy table, thus giving the couple a funereal aspect.

But Hans Bellmer above all put anatomy at the core of his lucid expressive universe, first with his series of photos of his handcrafted ball-joint dolls, with which he reinvented the female body; and later in his etchings, where the various anatomical details merge and blur into new configurations of flesh and dream. All of Bellmer’s art is obsessively and fetishly aimed at discovering the algorithm that makes the female body so seductive (the “algebra of desire”, according to its own definition).

In the series of lithographs entitled Rose ouverte la nuit, in which a girl lifts the skin of her abdomen to unveil her internal organs, Bellmer is directly referring to the iconography of terracotta/wax anatomical models, and to ancient medical illustrations.

This idea that the human body is a territory to explore and map, is directly derived from the dawn of the anatomical discipline. The first one who cut this secret space open for study purposes, at least in a truly programmatic way, was Vesalius. I have often written about him, and to understand the extent of his revolution you might want to check out this article.

Yet even after Vesalio the feelings of guilt attached to the act of dissection did not diminish – opening a human body was still seen as a desecration.
According to various scholars, this sense of guilt is behind the “vivification” of the écorchés, the flayed cadavers represented in anatomical plates, which were shown in plastic poses as if they were alive and perfectly well – an iconography partly borrowed from that of the Catholic saints, always eager to exhibit the mutilations they suffered during martyrdom.

In the anatomical plates of the 17th and 18th centuries, this tendency becomes so visionary as to become involuntarily fantasy-like (see R. Caillois, Au cœur du fantastique, 1965).
A striking example is the following illustration (from the Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano by Valverde, 1556) showing a dissected cadaver which in turn is dissecting another one: surrealism ante litteram, and a quite extraordinary macabre fantasy.

At the time scholars were quite aware of the aesthetic problem: two of the greatest anatomists of the late 17th century, Govert Bidloo and Frederik Ruysch, became bitter enemies precisely because they disagreed on which kind of aesthetics was more suitable for the anatomical discipline.


Bidloo, in his treatises, had ordered the illustrations to be as realistic as possible. Dissection was shown in a very graphic way, with depictions of tied bodies and fixing pins. This was no idealized view at all, as realism was pushed to the extreme in a plate which even included a fly landing on the corpse.

On the other hand, Ruysch’s sensibility was typical of wunderkammern, and as he embellished his animal preparations with compositions of shells and corals, he did so also with human preparations, to make them more pleasing to the eye.

His anatomical preparations were artistic, sometimes openly allegorical; his now-lost dioramas were quite famous in this regard, as they were made entirely from organic materials (kidney stones used as rocks, arteries and dried veins as trees, fetal skeletons drying their tears on handkerchiefs made from meninges, etc.).

Often the preserved parts were embellished with laces and embroidery made by Ruysch’s daughter Rachel, who from an early age helped her father in his dissections (she can be seen standing on the right with a skeleton in her hand in Van Neck‘s Anatomy Lesson by Dr. Frederik Ruysch).

We could say that Ruysch was both an anatomist and a showman (therefore, a forerunner of that Dr. Spitzner whose museum so impressed Delvaux), who exploited his own art in a spectacular way in order to gain success in European courts. And in a sense he won his dispute with Bidloo, because the surreal quality of anatomical illustrations remained almost unchallenged until the advent of positivism.

Going back to the 1900s, however, things start to radically change from the middle of the century. Two global conflicts have undermined trust in mankind and in history; traditional society begins breaking down, technology enters the people’s homes and work becomes more and more mechanized. Thus a sense of loss of idenity, which also involves the body, begins to emerge.


If in the 1930s Fritz Kahn (above) could still look at anatomy with an engineering gaze, as if it were a perfect machine, in the second half of the century everything was wavering. The body becomes mutant, indefinite, fluid,  as is the case in Xia Xiaowan‘s glass paintings, which change depending on the perspective, making the subject’s anatomy uncertain.

Starting from the 60s and the 70s, the search for identity implies a reappropriation of the body as a canvas on which to express one’s own individuality: it is the advent of body art and of the customization of the body (plastic surgery, tattoos, piercing).
The body becomes victim of hybridizations between the organic and the mechanical, oscillating between dystopian visions of flesh and metal fused together – as in Tetsuo or Cronenberg’s films – and cyberpunk prophecies, up to the tragic dehumanization of a fully mechanized society depicted by Tetsuya Ishida.

In spite of millenarians, however, the world does not end in the year 2000 nor in the much feared year 2012. Society continues to change, and hybridization is a concept that has entered the collective unconscious; an artist like Nunzio Paci can now use it in a non-dystopian perspective, guided by ecological concerns. He is able to intersect human anatomy with the animal and plant kingdom in order to demonstrate our intimate communion and continuity with nature; just like Kate McDowell does in her ceramics works.

The anatomical and scientific imagery becomes disturbing, on the other hand, in the paintings of Spanish artist Dino Valls, whose characters appear to be victims of esoteric experiments, continually subjected to invasive examinations, while their tear-stained eyes suggest a tragic, ancestral and repeated dimension.

Photographer Joel-Peter Witkin used the body – both the imperfect and different body, and the anatomized body, literally cut into pieces – to represent the beauty of the soul in an aesthetic way. A Catholic fervent, Witkin is truly convinced that “everything is illuminated”, and his research has a mystical quality. Looking for the divine even in what scares us or horrifies us, his aim is to expose our substantial identity with God. This might be the meaning of one of his most controversial works, The Kiss, in which the two halves of a severed head are positioned as if kissing each other: love is to recognize the divine in the other, and every kiss is nothing but God loving himself. (Here you can find my interview with Witkin – Italian only.)

Valerio Carrubba‘s works are more strictly surrealistic, and particularly interesting because they bring the pictorial medium closer to its anatomical content: the artist creates different versions of the same picture one above the other, adding layers of paint as if they were epidermal layers, only the last of which remains visible.

Anatomy’s still-subversive power is testified by its widespread use within the current of pop surrealism, often creating a contrast between childish and lacquered images and the anatomical unveiling.

Also our friend Stefano Bessoni makes frequent reference to anatomy, in particular in one of his latest works which is dedicated to the figure of Rachel, the aforementioned daughter of Ruysch.

Much in the same satirical and rebellious vein is the work of graffiti artist Nychos, who anatomizes, cuts into pieces and exposes the entrails of some of the most sacred icons of popular culture.
Jessica Harrison reserves a similar treatment to granma’s china, and Fernando Vicente uses the idea of vanitas to spoof the sensual imagery of pin-up models.

And the woman’s body, the most subject to aesthetic imperatives and social pressures, is the focus of Sally Hewett‘s work, revolving around those anatomical details that are usually considered unsightly – surgical scars, cellulite, stretch marks – in order to reaffirm the beauty of imperfection.

Autopsy, the act of “looking with one’s own eyes”, is the first step in empirical knowledge.
But looking at one’s own body involves a painful and difficult awareness: it also means acknowledging its mortality. In fact, the famous maxim inscribed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, “Know thyself“, was essentially a memento mori (as evidenced by the mosaic from the Convent of San Gregorio on the Appian Way). It meant “know who you are, understand your limits, remember your finitude”.

This is perhaps the reason why blood “should be on the inside”, and why our inner landscape of organs, adipose masses and vascularized tissues still seems so unfamiliar, so disgusting, so surreal. We do not want to think about it because it reminds us of our unfortunate reality of limited, mortal animals.

But our very identity can not exist without this body, though fleeting and fallible; and our denial of anatomy, in turn, is exactly the reason why artists will continue to explore its imagery.
Because the best art is subversive, one that – as in Banksy’s famous definition – should comfort the disturbed and disturb the comfotable.

The Homunculus Inside

Paracelsus‘ homunculus, the result of complicated alchemic recipes, is an allegorical figure that fascinated the collective uncoscious for centuries. Its fortune soon surpassed the field of alchemy, and the homunculus was borrowed by literature (Goethe, to quote but one example), psychology (Jung wrote about it), cinema (take the wonderful, ironic Pretorius scene from The Bride of Frankenstein, 1935), and the world of illustration (I’m thinking in particular of Stefano Bessoni). Even today the homunculus hasn’t lost its appeal: the mysterious videos posted by a Russian youtuber, purportedly showing some strange creatures developed through unlikely procedures, scored tens of millions of views.

Yet I will not focus here on the classic, more or less metaphorical homunculus, but rather on the way the word is used in pathology.
Yes beacuse, unbeknownst to you, a rough human figure could be hiding inside your own body.
Welcome to a territory where the grotesque bursts into anatomy.

Let’s take a step back to how life starts.
In the beginning, the fertilized cell (zygote) is but one cell; it immediately starts dividing, generating new cells, which in turn proliferate, transform, migrate. After roughly two weeks, the different cellular populations organize into three main areas (germ layers), each one with its given purpose — every layer is in charge of the formation of a specific kind of structure. These three specialized layers gradually create the various anatomical shapes, building the skin, nerves, bones, organs, apparatuses, and so on. This metamorphosis, this progressive “surfacing” of order ends when the fetus is completely developed.

Sometimes it might happen that this very process, for some reason, gets activated again in adulthood.
It is as if some cells, falling for an unfathomable hallucination, believed they still are at an embryonic stage: therefore they begin weaving new structures, abnormal growths called teratomas, which closely resemble the outcome of the first germ differentiations.

These mad cells start producing hair, bones, teeth, nails, sometimes cerebral or tyroid matter, even whole eyes. Hystologically these tumors, benign in most cases, can appear solid, wrapped inside cystes, or both.

In very rare cases, a teratoma can be so highly differentiated as to take on an antropomorphic shape, albeit rudimentary. These are the so-called fetiform teratomas (homunculus).

Clinical reports of this anomaly really have an uncanny, David Cronenberg quality: one homunculus found in 2003 inside an ovarian teratoma in a 25-year-old virginal woman, showed the presence of brain, spinal chord, ears, teeth, tyroid gland, bone, intestines, trachea, phallic tissue and one eye in the middle of the forehead.
In 2005 another fetiform mass had hairs and arm buds, with fingers and nails. In 2006 a reported homunculus displayed one upper limb and two lower limbs complete with feet and toes. In 2010 another mass presented a foot with fused toes, hair, bones and marrow. In 2015 a 13-year-old patient was found to carry a fetiform teratoma exhibiting hair, vestigial limbs, a rudimentary digestive tube and a cranial formation containing meninxes and neural tissue.

What causes these cells to try and create a new, impossible life? And are we sure that the minuscule, incomplete fetus wasn’t really there from the beginning?
Among the many proposed hypothesis, in fact, there is also the idea that homunculi (difficult to study because of their scarcity in scientific literature) may not be actual tumors, but actually the remnants of a parasitic twin, incapsulated within his sibling’s body during the embryonic phase. If this was the case, they would not qualify as teratomas, falling into the fetus in fetu category.

But the two phenomenons are mainly regarded as separate.
To distinguish one from the other, pathologists rely on the existence of a spinal column (which is present in the fetus in fetu but not in teratomas), on their localization (teratomas are chiefly found near the reproductive area, the fetus in fetu within the retroperitoneal space) and on zygosity (teratomas are often differentiated from the surrounding tissues, as if they were “fraternal twins” in regard to their host, while the fetus in fetu is homozygote).

The study of these anomalous formations might provide valuable information for the understanding of human development and parthenogenesis (essential for the research on stem cells).
But the intriguing aspect is exactly their problematic nature. As I said, each time doctors encounter a homunculus, the issue is always how to categorize it: is it a teratoma or a parasitic twin? A structure that “emerged” later, or a shape which was there from the start?

It is interesting to note that this very uncertainty also has existed in regard to normal embryos for the over 23 centuries. The debate focused on a similar question: do fetuses arise from scratch, or are they preexistent?
This is the ancient dispute between the supporters of epigenesis and preformationism, between those who claimed that embryonic structures formed out of indistinct matter, and those who thought that they were already included in the egg.
Aristotle, while studying chicken embryos, had already speculated that the unborn child’s physical structures acquire solidity little by little, guided by the soul; in the XVIII Century this theory was disputed by preformationism. According to the enthusiasts of this hypothesis (endorsed by high-profile scholars such as Leibniz, Spallanzani and Diderot), the embryo was already perfectly formed inside the egg, ab ovo, only too small to be visible to the naked eye; during development, it would just have to grow in size, as a baby does after birth.
Where did this idea come from? An important part was surely played by a well-known etching by Nicolaas Hartsoeker, who was among the first scientists to observe seminal fluid under the microscope, as well as being a staunch supporter of the existence of minuscule, completely formed fetuses hiding inside the heads of sperm cells.
And Hartsoeker, in turn, had taken inspiration precisely from the famous alchemical depictions of the homunculus.

In a sense, the homunculus appearing in an ancient alchemist’s vial and the ones studied by pathologists nowadays are not that different. They can both be seen as symbols of the enigma of development, of the fundamental mystery surrounding birth and life. Miniature images of the ontological dilemma which has been forever puzzling humanity: do we appear from indistinct chaos, or did our heart and soul exist somewhere, somehow, before we were born?


Little addendum of anatomical pathology (and a bit of genetics)
by Claudia Manini, MD

Teratomas are germ cell tumors composed of an array of tissues derived from two or three embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) in any combination.
The great majority of teratomas are benign cystic tumors mainly located in ovary, containing mature (adult-type) tissues; rarely they contains embryonal tissues (“immature teratomas”) and, if so, they have a higher malignant potential.
The origin of teratomas has been a matter of interest, speculation, and dispute for centuries because of their exotic composition.
The partenogenic theory, which suggests an origin from the primordial germ cell, is now the most widely accepted. The other two theories, one suggesting an origin from blastomeres segregated at an early stage of embryonic development and the second suggesting an origin from embryonal rests have few adherents currently. Support for the germ cell theory has come from anatomic distribution of the tumors, which occurs along the body midline of migration of the primordial germ cell, from the fact that the tumors occur most commonly during the reproductive age (epidemiologic-observational but also experimental data) and from cytogenetic analysis which has demonstrated genotypic differences between omozygous teratomatous tissue and heterozygous host tissue.
The primordial germ cells are the common origins of gametes (spermatozoa and oocyte, that are mature germ cells) which contain a single set of 23 chromosomas (haploid cells). During fertilization two gametes fuse together and originate a new cell which have a dyploid and heterozygous genetic pool (a double set of 23 chromosomas from two different organism).
On the other hand, the cells composing a teratoma show an identical genetic pool between the two sets of chromosomes.
Thus teratomas, even when they unexpectedly give rise to fetiform structures, are a different phenomenon from the fetus in fetu, and they fall within the scope of tumoral and not-malformative pathology.
All this does not lessen the impact of the observation, and a certain awe in considering the differentiation potential of one single germ cell.

References
Kurman JR et al., Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract, Springer 2011
Prat J., Pathology of the ovary, Saunders 2004

Bobby Yeah

Robert Morgan, classe 1974, è nato e cresciuto a Yateley, città – a quanto dice lui – infestata dai fantasmi. Oggi vive a Londra, ma le cose non sono molto cambiate: ora è il suo appartamento ad essere abitato dagli spettri.
A parte questi disagi, cui bisogna rassegnarsi se si risiede nel Regno Unito, Morgan è un filmmaker multipremiato e apprezzato da pubblico e critica. I suoi lavori sono cupi e inquietanti, spesso velatamente autobiografici: il suo Monsters (2004), ad esempio, nasce dai ricordi d’infanzia di Robert quando con la famiglia si trasferì nei pressi di un manicomio.

Ma è con Bobby Yeah (2011) che Morgan si fa conoscere a livello internazionale. Questo cortometraggio viene nominato ai prestigiosi BAFTA, proiettato al Sundance e riceve premi un po’ ovunque. Si tratta di un film d’animazione a tecnica mista – ma più di questo non possiamo dirvi. Quello che accade in Bobby Yeah dovrete scoprirlo da soli, anche perché difficilmente troveremmo le parole adeguate per descrivere questo piccolo, folle gioiello. Quando pensate che la fantasia disturbata dell’autore abbia raggiunto il suo culmine, e che nulla di più oltraggiosamente osceno possa succedere, regolarmente succede.

La pagina Wiki su Robert Morgan cita, fra gli artisti che l’hanno influenzato, Bacon, Poe, Lynch, Cronenberg, Witkin e Bellmer. Certo, in trasparenza si intravede tutto questo; eppure probabilmente nessuno di questi signori ha mai partorito qualcosa di altrettanto weird e malato. Ecco il trailer di Bobby Yeah.

[youtube=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaS_S5Gt7L0]

[AGGIORNAMENTO] Il cortometraggio non è più disponibile in versione integrale su YouTube. E’ visionabile on-demand sul sito ufficiale di Robert Morgan, al prezzo di un dollaro.

(Grazie, Paolo!)

La biblioteca delle meraviglie – II

Mell Kilpatrick

CAR CRASHES & OTHER SAD STORIES

(2000, Taschen)

Kilpatrick era un fotografo che operò nell’area di Los Angeles dalla fine degli anni ’40 fino all’inizio degli anni ’60. Seguendo le pattuglie della polizia nelle loro chiamate, ebbe l’occasione di documentare suicidi, omicidi, ma soprattutto incidenti stradali mortali.

Questo splendido volume illustrato sella Taschen offre una selezione dei suoi scatti, quasi sempre notturni, che mostrano l’inizio di una piaga che arriva fino ai giorni nostri. È difficile descrivere le emozioni che si provano di fronte a queste fotografie. Da una parte c’è ovviamente l’empatia per le vittime, mentre la nostra mente cerca di immaginare cosa possano aver provato; ma dall’altra, ed è questo che rende affascinante la collezione di immagini, interviene il filtro del tempo. Questi incidenti provengono da un’epoca lontana, sono grida anonime nello scorrere del tempo, e il flash dona alle scene dell’impatto un’atmosfera mutuata dai film noir dell’epoca (sarà un caso, ma Kilpatrick, come secondo lavoro, faceva il proiezionista in un cinema). Eppure anche una certa amara ironia scorre talvolta in alcuni scatti, come quando i cadaveri sono fotografati sullo sfondo di allegre pubblicità commerciali.

Forse le fotografie hanno acquisito, nel tempo, più significato di quanto non fosse negli originari intenti dell’autore; ma viste oggi, queste auto d’epoca, con i loro grovigli di lamiere e di carne, non possono non ricordare le pagine memorabili dedicate da James G. Ballard agli incidenti automobilistici intesi come nuova mitologia moderna, ossessionante e intimamente sessuale. Immagini bellissime ma destabilizzanti, appunto perché saremmo tentati di iscriverle nel mito (del cinema, della letteratura, della fotografia) proprio quando ci mostrano il lato più reale, banale e concreto della morte.

Paul Collins

LA FOLLIA DI BANVARD

(2006, Adelphi – Fabula)

Il meraviglioso libro di Paul Collins ha come sottotitolo la frase: “Tredici storie di uomini e donne che non hanno cambiato il mondo”. Le sue tredici storie sono davvero straordinarie, perché raccontano di alcuni individui che sono arrivati a tanto così dal cambiare il corso della storia. E poi, hanno fallito.

Scritto in una prosa accattivante e piacevolissima, La follia è tutto una sorpresa dietro l’altra, e ha la qualità dei migliori romanzi. Di volta in volta malinconico ed esilarante, ha il merito di provare a ridare dignità ad alcuni “dimenticati” della scienza e della storia, ognuno a modo suo geniale, ma per qualche motivo vittima di un fatale errore, e delle sue amare conseguenze.

A partire da John Banvard, il folle del titolo: non l’avete sicuramente mai sentito nominare, ma a metà dell’Ottocento era il pittore vivente più famoso del mondo… René Blondlot, insigne professore francese di fisica, che fece importanti e apprezzate scoperte prima di prendere un clamoroso abbaglio, annunciando di aver scoperto i “raggi N”… oppure Alfread Beach, inventore della metropolitana pneumatica, che non prese mai piede non perché non funzionasse, ma perché lui si inimicò il sindaco di New York, tanto da sfidarlo costruendo di nascosto un tratto di metropolitana proprio sotto il municipio… e ancora, cialtroni e imbroglioni da premio Nobel per la lettaratura: William H. Ireland, ad esempio, ossessionato da Shakespeare, ne imparò talmente bene la calligrafia e lo stile da riuscire a produrre falsi e intere opere teatrali, giudicate all’epoca fra le migliori del Bardo; oppure George Psalmanazar, che si inventò di essere originario di Formosa (all’epoca ancora inesplorata, e in cui nemmeno lui aveva mai messo piede), arrivando a descriverne la cultura, le tradizioni, la religione, la flora e la fauna e perfino inventandosi un complesso linguaggio.

Uomini straordinari, folli, herzoghiani, che per un attimo hanno sfiorato la grandezza (magari con intuizioni scientifiche quasi corrette), prima di terminare la loro parabola nel dimenticatoio della Storia. Un divertito elogio della fallibilità umana intesa come voglia di tentare, di esplorare il limite; perché se anche si cade, la caduta testimonia talvolta l’irriducibile vitalità dell’essere umano.

Robert Morgan

Robert Morgan è un filmmaker e animatore inglese, dalla fantasia macabra e sfrenata. I suoi surreali lavori in stop-motion hanno vinto numerosi premi, e se avete un po’ di tempo vale davvero la pena di darci un’occhiata: ecco il sito ufficiale di Robert Morgan.

Vi proponiamo qui il suo eccezionale cortometraggio The Separation, la cui trama rimanda chiaramente a Inseparabili (1988) di David Cronenberg, ma che contamina il suo modello con un’atmosfera malsana, morbosa eppure, nel finale, stranamente commovente.

[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltIG3v_ySuU]

(Grazie, Paolo!)

Tetsuya Ishida

Quando nel 2005, a soli 32 anni, il pittore giapponese Tetsuya Ishida morì sotto un treno, per chi conosceva la sua opera venne più che naturale pensare che si trattasse di suicidio. I suoi quadri, infatti, sono talmente carichi di un’angoscia gelida e paralizzante da poter essere letti in un’ottica prettamente personale di depressione e solitudine.

Eppure i suoi dipinti surrealisti vanno ben al di là della semplice espressione di un disagio individuale. Certo, i quadri di Ishida avevano come protagonista assoluto e ossessivo Ishida stesso, che nei suoi autoritratti si figurava come una vittima dal corpo fuso con gli elementi architettonici e tecnologici quotidiani. Ma  la sua forza evidente è quella di offrire un ritratto drammatico dell’uomo moderno, al di là dell’autoritratto. Un uomo irrimediabilmente oppresso e imprigionato, reificato, ormai ridotto ad oggetto inanimato, parte integrante di una catena di montaggio di stampo industriale che lo priva di ogni identità.

Benché lo stile e l’immaginario di Ishida siano tipicamente giapponesi (a qualcuno di voi verrà certamente in mente il Tetsuo di Tsukamoto), i temi che sono affrontati nelle sue opere hanno valenza universale ed esprimono le paure di tutto il mondo “civilizzato”. L’ibridazione uomo-macchina, tema fondamentale della fine del secolo scorso con cui si sono confrontati autori del calibro di James G. Ballard o di David Cronenberg, è uno dei tratti fondamentali della nostra cultura.

Se negli anni ’50 si poteva pensare che la tecnologia ci venisse in aiuto e facesse da protesi senza che questo intaccasse la nostra stessa identità e il concetto di corpo, oggi è ovvio che non è così. Gli ambienti in cui viviamo entrano a far parte delle architetture della mente, così come il corpo diviene sempre più sfuggente, ibridato, multiforme. Il concetto identitario cambia e si trasforma continuamente.

Ishida mostra di essere consapevole di questo nuovo assetto, e allo stesso tempo denuncia la violenza che l’individuo subisce a livello sociale. In un paese come il Giappone, l’allarme lanciato dall’artista è che la conseguenza di un’impostazione di lavoro così oppressiva non può che portare a una totale deumanizzazione.

Purtroppo, a parte il sito ufficiale (in giapponese) con diverse splendide gallerie, sulla rete si trovano pochissime informazioni su questo prolifico pittore scomparso prematuramente.