Tag Archives: pietro

Sailing On Top of The Mountains

A vision had seized hold of me, like the demented fury of a hound that has sunk its teeth into the leg of a deer carcass and is shaking and tugging at the downed game so frantically that the hunter gives up trying to calm him. It was the vision of a large steamship scaling a hill under its own steam, working its way up a steep slope in the jungle, while above this natural landscape, which shatters the weak and the strong with equal ferocity, soars the voice of Caruso, silencing all the pain and all the voices of the primeval forest and drowning out all birdsong. To be more precise: bird cries, for in this setting, left unfinished and abandoned by God in wrath, the birds do not sing; they shriek in pain, and confused trees tangle with one another like battling Titans, from horizon to horizon, in a steaming creation still being formed.

(Werner Herzog, Conquest of the Useless, 2009)

This was the genesis of Fitzcarraldo, and chasing this dream Herzog actually lifted a steamboat to the top of a mountain, in order to take it from the  Rio Camisea to the Urubamba; a gigantic effort that entailed death and madness, during what is probably the most legendary and extreme film production in history.

The epic of contrast (here: the boat on the mountain, the sophistication of opera against the barbaric jungle) is what always seduced men into attempting the impossible.
And yet, eighty years before Fitzcarraldo, there was a man to whom this very endeavour seemed not at all visionary. A man who, in this idea of a boat climbing up a mountain slope, saw the future.

Pietro Caminada (1862-1923), was born from the marriage betweeen Gion Antoni Caminada, a Swiss who had emigrated from the Grisons canton to Italy, and Maria Turconi, from Milan. Fascinated since an early age by the figure of Leonardo Da Vinci, he studied engineering and was forced, like many others at the time, to sail towards Argentina together with his brother Angelo, looking for a job. After stopping for a brief tour of Rio de Janeiro, however, he was stunned by the city. He came back on the ship only to get hold of his luggage, and said to his brother: “I’m staying here“.

During the fifteen years he spent in Rio, Caminada worked on several projects regarding the town plan, the harbor refurbishing, and transportation: he transformed the Arcos da Lapa Aqueduct, built in 1750, into a viaduct for the transit of the Bonde, the folkloristic yellow tram which caracterized the Brazilian city until 2011. He was even chosen to design from scratch the new capital, Brasilia, sixty years before the town was actually built.
After this brilliant start, Caminada relocated back to Italy, in Rome. In addition to a wife and three daughters, he also brought with him his most ambitious project: making the Alps navigable.

Certainly this idea had a foremost practical purpose. Connecting Genoa to Konstanz via the Splügen Pass would have allowed for an otherwise unthinkable commercial development, as waterways were affordable and inexpensive.
But in Caminada’s proposal there also was an element of challenge, as if he was defying Nature itself; a fact the papers at the time never ceased to stress. An article, which appeared on the magazine Ars et Labor (1906-1912), began like this:

Man always seems to turn his creativity against the firmest and most solid laws of Nature. He is like a rebellious kid who fancies especially what is forbidden.
— Ah, you did not give me wings, he says to Nature, well I will build me some and fly anyway, in spite of your plans! You made my legs weak and slow, well I will build me an iron horse and run faster than your fastest creatures […]. As wonderful as a moving train might be, it does not upset any of the fundamental principles of Nature’s system; but to sail through the mountains, to sail upwards, to sail across steep slopes expecting this miracle to come only from the energy of channeled water, that is something that turns our most certain knowledge of navigation upside down, something contrary to water’s immutable ways of being […].

The beauty of Caminada’s method to bring boats across the Alps resided in its simplicity. It mainly consisted of a variation of the widely used ship-lock system.
If building a lock “stairway” on different levels remained unthinkable, according to the engineer everything would be easier with an inclined plane:

Imagine holding a cylindrical tube filled with water in a vertical position, the water plane will be round: if the pipe is tilted, the water plane, while always horizontal, will acquire a shape which will be the more elliptical and elongated the more the tube gets close to the horizontal position. If water is let out of the pipe, any floating body on the water plane will come down with it, along a diagonal […]. Thus, if the tube is held vertical the floating body will go up or down following a vertical line: if inclined, the floating body in addition to moving up or down will also travel horizontally. On this simple idea of tubular locks I have built my system of inclined canals, with two lanes in opposite directions.

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Caminada’s double tubular ship-locks ran in parallel, sharing common usptream and downstream water basins.

One lock is full, the other empty. In the full lock is placed the descending ship; in the empty one, the other boat that has to climb up. The two locks communicate at the bottom through channels or syphons. Upon opening the syphon, the water moves from the full lock to the empty one, lowering and carrying downards the boat in the full lock while lifting up the one in the empty lock, until they reach the same level […]. The operation is completed by closing the communication duct and completely emptying the lock with the descending ship, while from the upstream basin comes the necessary water to fill the lock where the upgoing boat is.

This system, patented by Caminada around the world since 1907, had a huge resonance in those years. It was discussed in articles published by international papers, in conventions and meetings, so much so that many thought the project would become real over a very short time.
Cesare Bolla, who lived in Ticino and disapproved deeply of Caminada’s ideas, even wrote a tongue-in-cheek little poem in 1908, making fun of the inevitable, epochal trasformation that was about to hit Lugano:

Outside my tavern, I’ve put on display
A sign on the window, saying: “Seaside Hotel”.
Folks round here, by a sacred fire consumed,
Only by ships and sails are amused.
[…] it won’t be long, for our own sake,
we’ll gaze at the sea instead of this lake.
Ships will pass in great abundance
All headed for the lake of Constance.

The engineer never stopped working on his dream.

«Caminada — as Till Hein notes — struggled for his vision. He went over and over the details of his project, he built miniatures of his lock system, in many variations. And eventually he built a gigantic model, for the great Architecture Exposition in Milan. With unflinching zeal he tried to convince politicians and officials». He was, like the Bündner Tagblatt once wrote, «an erupting volcano» and had «a restless head, with hair down to his shoulders» […].

(T. Gatani, Da Genova a Costanza in barca attraverso le Alpi, La Rivista, n. 12, dicembre 2012)

But the Genoa-Kostanz route imagined by Caminada was bound to collide, on one hand, with the interests of a Swiss “railroad lobby” who endorsed the building of a train line through the Splügen Pass; on the other, there was Austria, which dominated northeastern Italy and was determined to see that the Kingdom of Savoy couldn’t set a direct connection with Germany, be it by train or ship.

In 1923, at the age of sixty, Caminada died in Rome, and his waterways never became a reality.
His project, which only fifteen years before was seen as the upcoming future, ended up like its inventor in the “mass grave” of memories — except for some sporadic exhibition, and a little country road still bearing his name, situated in the vicinity of the airport entitled to his beloved Leonardo Da Vinci.

Looking back today, the most unfortunate and even sarcastic detail of the story might be a prophecy uttered by King Victor Emmanuel III: when Caminada showed him his plans during a private hearing on January 3, 1908, the King replied: “One day I will be long forgotten, but people will still be talking about you“.

Caminada’s motto, which he repeated throughout his life, is however still true. In two simple Latin words, it encompasses every yearning, every tension towards human limits, every courageous desire of exploring the boundaries: Navigare necesse. It is essential to navigate.

For human beings, setting sail towards new horizons still is, and always will be, a necessity and an imperative.

(Thanks, Emiliano!)

Le nozze dei nani

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Pietro il Grande, Zar e Imperatore di Russia, era un personaggio enigmatico e anticonvenzionale, ed aveva una passione per tutto ciò che era deforme. Fin da quando aveva ammirato, nel 1697, le famose collezioni anatomiche di Frederik Ruysch (su questo anatomista c’è un nostro articolo qui) aveva deciso di costruire una propria camera delle meraviglie che avrebbe ospitato le forme più curiose e impensabili partorite dalla Natura: una sorta di grandioso museo sulla conoscenza del mondo.

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La sua Kunstkamera, enorme wunderkammer che conteneva collezioni acquistate da Ruysch stesso, da Albertus Seba e da numerosi altri naturalisti e anatomisti, fu completata nel 1727. Vi trovavano posto innumerevoli esemplari di feti deformi, umani e animali, e tutto un campionario variegato di preparazioni anatomiche, minerali, e dei più disparati e rari reperti naturali. Ad un certo punto Pietro il Grande promulgò addirittura un editto, richiedendo alla popolazione di spedire al museo ogni feto malformato, da qualsiasi parte della Russia, affinché entrasse a far parte della sua collezione.

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Ma la sua passione per le curiosità umane era particolarmente accesa nei confronti delle persone affette da nanismo. All’epoca i nani erano presenti in tutte le corti europee, e venivano impiegati come giullari o come semplici oggetti di dileggio e divertimento vario. Dovevano stupire gli ospiti saltando fuori dalle torte appena portate in tavola, spesso nudi, o danzare sui deschi, cavalcare minuscoli pony, e via dicendo. Ai nostri occhi moderni tutto questo appare senza dubbio crudele, ma come al solito dovremmo cercare di calarci nel contesto dell’epoca: forse una vita simile, per quanto avvilente, era preferibile a quella, infinitamente più impietosa e feroce, che avrebbe atteso un nano al di fuori delle mura di corte.

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C’è da dire poi che alcuni dei “padroni” dei nani divenivano, com’è naturale, i più sinceri amici dei loro piccoli protetti: sembra per esempio che il famoso astronomo Tycho Brahe non si separasse mai dal suo nano di fiducia, divenuto una sorta di consigliere. Anche Pietro il Grande (che, detto per inciso, misurava più o meno due metri d’altezza) aveva il suo nano favorito e servitore fedele, Iakim Volkov, e per celebrare le sue nozze decise di mettere in scena uno dei matrimoni più indimenticabili della storia.

Lo Zar diede istruzioni al suo assistente Fyodor Romodanovsky di raccogliere tutti i nani residenti a Mosca e mandarli a San Pietroburgo. I “possessori” dei nani avrebbero dovuto vestirli a festa, con capi pregiati alla moda occidentale, riempiendoli di ninnoli e gioielli d’oro e parrucche da gran signori. Molte di queste piccole persone erano in realtà contadini e semplici paesani, dalle maniere tutt’altro che signorili.

Il giorno del sontuoso matrimonio, il corteo nuziale era formato da una settantina di nani in abiti e paramenti nobiliari, arrivati a San Pietroburgo su una carovana di pony: la cerimonia fu seguita da tutte le persone di normale statura fra risatine strozzate, colpi di gomito e sguardi increduli. Ma un serissimo Zar in persona celebrò le nozze, e pose delicatamente sul capo della piccola sposa la corona di fiori. Una volta giunti al banchetto, nel palazzo Menshikov, i nani vennero fatti accomodare ad alcuni tavoli in miniatura al centro della stanza, mentre tutte le altre tavolate erano disposte a cerchio intorno ad essi. Secondo i resoconti dell’epoca, le risate accompagnarono l’intera cena, mentre i nani si ubriacavano, cominciavano delle piccole risse, e i più vecchi e brutti ballavano sgraziatamente a causa delle gambe corte e storte.

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C’è qualcosa, però, di un po’ sospetto. Ricordiamo che Pietro il Grande aveva viaggiato nelle più raffinate corti d’Europa, e aveva cercato di modernizzare il suo Impero per renderlo più vicino e più conforme (almeno nelle sue intenzioni) alla progredita civilizzazione occidentale. E personalmente, attraverso il suo museo delle meraviglie, si era sempre adoperato per combattere l’idea antiquata che le anomalie fisiche fossero mostruose e spaventose: si trattava ai suoi occhi di sfortunati accidenti della natura, che uno spirito illuminato doveva riconoscere in quanto tali, senza per forza riderne o esserne terrorizzato. Allora, perché organizzare un matrimonio simile?

Al di là del puro intrattenimento che certamente avrà avuto la sua parte, secondo alcuni storici questa cerimonia, come tutti gli altri spettacoli farseschi che Pietro amava organizzare, mostrava un sostrato simbolico che forse non tutti erano in grado di cogliere. Era uno sberleffo in piena regola, ma non tanto rivolto contro i nani – quanto piuttosto contro la sua stessa corte di nobili. Pietro voleva mettere in scena una specie di specchio deformante, una caricatura vivente dei suoi ospiti di statura “normale”. Guardatevi!, sembrava dire quel grottesco matrimonio, siete dei lord e delle dame in miniatura, imbellettati e avvolti in raffinati abiti che però vi sono poco familiari. Siete ancora dei piccoli zotici che giocano a fare i “grandi”, gli “adulti”, e non vi accorgete che l’Europa ride di voi.

Che questa lettura dell’evento sia plausibile oppure no, il matrimonio suscitò comunque un certo scalpore, anche in tempi in cui di “politicamente scorretto” non si era ancora sentito parlare.