The misfortunes of Willie Dee

As I was going down impassive Rivers,

I no longer felt myself guided by haulers.

(A. Rimbaud, The Drunken Boat, 1871)

In the hypotetical Museum of Failure I proposed some time ago, the infamous destroyer USS William D. Porter (DD-579) would hold a place of honor.
The account of its war exploits is so tragicomic that it sounds like it’s scripted, but even if some anecdotes are probably no more than legends, the reputation the ship earned in its two years of service was sadly deserved.

The career of “Willie Dee“, as the Porter was nicknamed, started off with an exceptional task.
Soon after its launch, the ship was assigned to a top-secret, crucial mission: escorting Franklin Delano Roosevelt across the Atlantic ocean — infested by nazi submarines — to North Africa, where the President was to meet Stalin and Churchill for the first time. The summit of the Three Greats would later become known as the Tehran Conference, and together with the following meetings (the most famous one held in Yalta) contributed to change the European post-war layout.
Yet, on account of Willie Dee, the meeting almost failed to happen.

Destroyers are agile and fast ships, specifically designed to shield and protect bigger vessels. On November 12, 1943, the Porter was ordered to join the rest of the fleet escorting USS Iowa, a 14,000-tons battleship on which the President had already boarded, together with the Secretary of State and the executive top brass.

Willie Dee‘s crew at the time consisted of 125 sailors, under Captain Wilfred Walter’s command. But in times of war the Army needed a vast number of soldiers, and therefore enlisted boys who were still in high school, or had only worked in a family farm. A huge part of military accidents was caused by inexperienced rookies, who has had no proper training and were learning from their own mistakes, directly in the field. Nearly all of Willie Dee‘s crew had never boarded a ship before (including the 16 officials, of which only 4 had formerly been at sea), and this top-secret-mission baptism by fire surely increased the crew’s psychological pressure.

Anyway, right from the start Willie Dee made its debut under a bad sign. By forgetting to weigh anchor.
As Captain Walter was maneuvering to exit the Norfolk harbor, a terrible metal noise was heard. Looking out, the crew saw that the anchor had not been completely raised and, still hanging on the ship’s side, had tore out the railings of a nearby sister ship, destroying a life raft and ripping up other pieces of equipment. The Willie Dee had suffered just some scratches and, being already late, Captain Walter could only offer some quick apologies before setting sail towards the Iowa, leaving it to port authorities to fix the mess.
But it wasn’t over. During the next 48 hours, the Willie Dee was going to fall into a maelstrom of shameful incompetence.

After less than a day, just as the Iowa and the other ships were entering a zone notoriously infested by German U-boats, a heavy explosion shook the waters. All units, convinced they had fallen under attack, frantically began diversion maneuvers, as radar technicians in high alert scanned the ocean floor in search for enemy submarines.
Until the Iowa received an embarassed message from Captain Walter: the detonation had been caused by one of their depth charges, accidentally dropped into the water because the safe had not been correctly positioned. Luckily the explosion had not injured the ship.
As if accidentally dropping a bomb was not enough, things got even more desperate in the following hours. Soon after that a freak wave washed one of the sailors overboard, who was never found. Not one hour after that tragedy, the Willie Dee‘s boiler room suffered a mechanical failure and lost power, leaving the destroyer plodding along in a backward position behind the rest of the convoy.

At this point, aboard the Iowa the anxiety for Willie Dee‘s blunders was tangible. Under the scrutiny of all these high personalities, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Ernest J. King, personally took the radio microphone to reprimand Captain Walter. The skipper, realizing that the opportunities of a high-profile mission were quickly turning into a catastrophe, humbly vowed to “improve the ship’s performance“. And in a sense he kept his word, by causing the ultimate disaster.

Even proceeding at full speed, it would have taken more than a week for the fleet to reach destination. It was therefore of crucial importance to carry out war drills, so that the (evidently inexperienced) crews could prepare for a potential surprise attack.
On November 14, east of Bermuda, the Iowa Captain decided to show Roosevelt and the other passengers how his ship was able to defend itself against an air attack. Some weather balloons were released as targets, as the President and other officials were invited to seat on the deck to enjoy the show of cannons taking them down one by one.
Captain Walter and his crew stood watching from 6,000 yards away, growing eager to participate in the drill and to redeem their ship’s name. When Iowa missed some balloons, which drifted into Willie Dee‘s fire range, Walter ordered his men to shoot them down. At the same time, he commanded a torpedo drill.

Belowdecks two members of the crew, Lawton Dawson and Tony Fazio, made sure the primers were removed from the torpedos — otherwise they would have actually launched — and gave the OK signal to the deck. The bridge commander ordered fire, and the first “fake” torpedo was activated. Then the second, “fire!“. And the third.
At that point, the bridge commander heard the last sound he’d wanted to hear. The unmistakable hiss of a real torpedo trailing away.
To fully understand the horror the official must have felt in that moment, we must remember one detail. Usually in a drill one of the nearby ships was chosen as a practice target. The closest target was the Iowa.

The Porter had just fired a torpedo towards the President of the United States.

Aboard the Willie Dee, hell broke loose. One lieutenant ran up to Captain Walter, and asked him if he had given permission to fire a torpedo. His answer was certainly not a historic war dictum: “Hell, No, I, I, aaa, iiiiii — WHAT?!“.
Only a couple of minutes were left before the torpedo hit Iowa‘s side, sinking it together with America’s most important personalities.
Walter immediately ordered to raise the alarm, but the strictest radio silence had been commanded to avoid the risk of interception, as the fleet sailed in a dangerous zone. So the signalman decided to use a flashing light instead.
But, falling prey to a justifiable panic, the young sailor who had to warn Iowa of the fatal mistake got quite confused. The mothership began receiving puzzling, uncomprehensible messages: “A torpedo is moving away from Iowa“, and shortly after “Our ship is going in reverse at full speed“.
Time was running out, and realizing that Morse code was not a viable option, Walter decided to break radio silence. “Lion, Lion, come right!” “Identify and say again. Where is submarine?” “Torpedo in the water! Lion, come right! Emergency! Come right, Lion! Come right!”
At that point the torpedo had already been spotted from the Iowa. The ship made an emergency manoeuvre, increasing speed and turning right, as all cannons shot towards the incoming torpedo. President Roosevelt asked his Secret Service bodyguard to move his wheelchair to the railing, so he could better see the missile. According to the story, the bodyguard even took out his gun to shoot the torpedo, as if his bullets could stop its course.
Meanwhile, over the Willie Dee a ghastly silence had fallen, as everyone stood frozen, holding their breath and waiting for the explosion.

Four minutes after being fired, the missile exploded in water, not far from Iowa, providentially without damaging it. The President later wrote in his diary: “On Monday last a gun drill. Porter fired a torpedo at us by mistake. We saw it — missed it by 1,000 feet“.

With the best will in the world, such an accident could not be overlooked — also because at that point there was a strong suspicion that the Willie Dee crew might have been infiltrated, and that the claimed clumsy error was in fact an actual assassination plot. So the Iowa ordered the Porter out of the convoy and sent it back to a US base in Bermuda; Walter and his crew shamefully made a u-turn and, once they entered the harbor, were greeted by fully armed Marines who placed them all under arrest. Days of interrogations and investigations followed, and Dawson, the 22-tear-old sailor who forgot to remove the primer from the torpedo, was sentenced to 14 years of hard labour. When he heard of the sentence, Roosevelt himself intervened to pardon the poor boy.

The rest of the convoy in the meantime reached Africa unharmed, and Roosevelt (despite another, but this time real, attempted assassination) went on to sign with Churchill and Stalin those deals which, once the war was over, would radically change Europe.
The Willie Dee was sent off Alaskan shores, where it could not cause much trouble, and in time it became some sort of a sailor’s myth. Other unverified rumors began circulating around the “black sheep” of the US Navy, such as one about a drunk sailor who one night allegedly shot a 5-inch shell towards a military base on the coast, destroying a commander’s front yard. Humorous, exaggerated legends that made it a perfect scapegoat, the farcical anti-heroine into which the anxiety of failure could be sublimated.
The resonance of Willie Dee’s infamous deeds preceded it in every harbor, where invariably the ship was saluted by radioing the ironic greeting “Don’t shoot! We’re Republicans!“.

The ship eventually sank during the Battle of Okinawa — ingloriously taken down by an already-crashed plane which exploded under its hull.
On that day, more than a seaman probably heaved a sigh of relief. The unluckiest ship in American history was finally resting at the bottom of the ocean.

(Thanks, Andrea!)

The premature babies of Coney Island

Dec1

Once upon a time on the circus or carnival midway, among the smell of hot dogs and the barkers’ cries, spectators could witness some amazing side attractions, from fire-eaters to bearded ladies, from electric dancers to the most exotic monstrosities (see f.i. some previous posts here and here).
Beyond our fascination for a time of naive wonder, there is another less-known reason for which we should be grateful to old traveling fairs: among the readers who are looking at this page right now, almost one out of ten is alive thanks to the sideshows.

This is the strange story of how amusement parks, and a visionary doctor’s stubbornness, contributed to save millions of human lives.

Until the end of XIX Century, premature babies had little or no chance of survival. Hospitals did not have neonatal units to provide efficient solutions to the problem, so the preemies were given back to their parents to be taken home — practically, to die. In all evidence, God had decided that those babies were not destined to survive.
In 1878 a famous Parisian obstetrician, Dr. Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, visited an exhibition called Jardin d’Acclimatation which featured, among other displays, a new method for hatching poultry in a controlled, hydraulic heated environment, invented by a Paris Zoo keeper; immediately the doctor thought he could test that same system on premature babies and commissioned a similar box, which allowed control of the temperature of the newborn’s environment.
After the first positive experimentations at the Maternity Hospital in Paris, the incubator was soon equipped with a bell that rang whenever the temperature went too high.
The doctor’s assistant, Pierre Budin, further developed the Tarnier incubator, on one hand studying how to isolate and protect the frail newborn babies from infectious disease, and on the other the correct quantities and methods of alimentation.

Despite the encouraging results, the medical community still failed to recognize the usefulness of incubators. This skepticism mainly stemmed from a widespread mentality: as mentioned before, the common attitude towards premature babies was quite fatalist, and the death of weaker infants was considered inevitable since the most ancient times.

Thus Budin decided to send his collaborator, Dr. Martin Couney, to the 1896 World Exhibition in Berlin. Couney, our story’s true hero, was an uncommon character: besides his knowledge as an obstetrician, he had a strong charisma and true showmanship; these virtues would prove fundamental for the success of his mission, as we shall see.
Couney, with the intent of creating a bit of a fuss in order to better spread the news, had the idea of exhibiting live premature babies inside his incubators. He had the nerve to ask Empress Augusta Victoria herself for permission to use some infants from the Charity Hospital in Berlin. He was granted the favor, as the newborn babies were destined to a certain death anyway.
But none of the infants lodged inside the incubators died, and Couney’s exhibition, called Kinderbrutanstalt (“child hatchery”) immediately became the talk of the town.

This success was repeated the following year in London, at Earl’s Court Exhibition (scoring 3600 visitors each day), and in 1898 at the Trans-Mississippi Exhibition in Omaha, Nebraska. In 1900 he came back to Paris for the World Exhibition, and in 1901 he attended the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, NY.

L'edificio costruito per gli incubatori a Buffalo.

The incubators building in Buffalo.

The incubators at the Buffalo Exhibition.

But in the States Couney met an even stronger resistence to accept this innovation, let alone implementing it in hospitals.
It must be stressed that although he was exhibiting a medical device, inside the various fairs his incubator stand was invariably (and much to his disappointment) confined to the entertainment section rather than the scientific section.
Maybe this was the reason why in 1903 Couney took a courageous decision.

If Americans thought incubators were just some sort of sideshow stunt, well then, he would give them the entertainment they wanted. But they would have to pay for it.

Couney definitively moved to New York, and opened a new attraction at Coney Island amusement park. For the next 40 years, every summer, the doctor exhibited premature babies in his incubators, for a quarter dollar. Spectators flowed in to contemplate those extremely underweight babies, looking so vulnerable and delicate as they slept in their temperate glass boxes. “Oh my, look how tiny!“, you could hear the crowd uttering, as people rolled along the railing separating them from the aisle where the incubators were lined up.

In order to accentuate the minuscule size of his preemies, Couney began resorting to some tricks: if the baby wasn’t small enough, he would add more blankets around his little body, to make him look tinier. Madame Louise Recht, a nurse who had been by Couney’s side since the very first exhibitions in Paris, from time to time would slip her ring over the babies’ hands, to demonstrate how thin their wrists were: but in reality the ring was oversized even for the nurse’s fingers.

Madame Louise Recht con uno dei neonati.

Madame Louise Recht with a newborn baby.

Preemie wearing on his wrist the nurse’s sparkler.

Couney’s enterprise, which soon grew into two separate incubation centers (one in Luna Park and the other in Dreamland), could seem quite cynical today. But it actually was not.
All the babies hosted in his attractions had been turned down by city hospitals, and given back to the parents who had no hope of saving them; the “Doctor Incubator” promised families that he would treat the babies without any expense on their part, as long as he could exhibit the preemies in public. The 25 cents people paid to see the newborn babies completely covered the high incubation and feeding expenses, even granting a modest profit to Couney and his collaborators. This way, parents had a chance to see their baby survive without paying a cent, and Couney could keep on raising awareness about the importance and effectiveness of his method.
Couney did not make any race distinction either, exhibiting colored babies along with white babies — an attitude that was quite rare at the beginning of the century in America. Among the “guests” displayed in his incubators, was at one point Couney’s own premature daughter, Hildegarde, who later became a nurse and worked with her father on the attraction.

Nurses with babies at Flushing World Fair, NY. At the center is Couney’s daughter, Hildegarde.

Besides his two establishments in Coney Island (one of which was destroyed during the 1911 terrible Dreamland fire), Couney continued touring the US with his incubators, from Chicago to St. Louis, to San Francisco.
In forty years, he treated around 8000 babies, and saved at least 6500; but his endless persistence in popularizing the incubator had much lager effects. His efforts, on the long run, contributed to the opening of the first neonatal intensive care units, which are now common in hospitals all around the world.

After a peak in popularity during the first decades of the XX Century, at the end of the 30s the success of Couney’s incubators began to decrease. It had become an old and trite attraction.
When the first premature infant station opened at Cornell’s New York Hospital in 1943, Couney told his nephew: “my work is done“. After 40 years of what he had always considered propaganda for a good cause, he definitively shut down his Coney Island enterprise.

Martin Arthur Couney (1870–1950).

The majority of information in this post comes from the most accurate study on the subject, by Dr. William A. Silverman (Incubator-Baby Side Shows, Pediatrics, 1979).

(Thanks, Claudia!)

Emperor Norton

Nov17

Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.

Miss Bambina

Apr4

Una bizzarria assolutamente americana ed oggi molto controversa è quella dei Child Beauty Pageant, ossia dei concorsi di bellezza per bambine – qualcuno di voi se ne ricorderà per via dello splendido film Little Miss Sunshine (2006).

Nati negli anni ’20 ma esplosi negli anni ’60, i concorsi per bambine e teenager di cui stiamo parlando hanno ciascuno regole leggermente diverse, ma tutti prevedono determinate categorie di eventi e “numeri” di vario genere, sulla base dei quali la giuria assegnerà i premi. Proprio come in un regolare concorso di bellezza, ci sono quindi prove di canto o danza, interviste con le candidate, sfilate in abiti sportivi o da spiaggia, ma anche abbigliamento a tema, per esempio in stile “western”, e via dicendo. Di queste bambine si giudicano qualità come il portamento, la fiducia, l’individualità, l’abilità.

Ma il tipo di evento che maggiormente colpisce l’immaginario è quello che vede le bambine sfilare con l’abito da sera. Quello è il momento che tutti attendono, nel quale si deciderà la vera reginetta della serata: le partecipanti si sottopongono anche a diverse ore di preparazione in camerino con una truccatrice professionista. E, infine, salgono sul palco.

Messe in piega elaboratissime (e pacchiane), denti finti, make-up pesantissimo, abbronzature spray, perfette manicure, abiti su misura glamour e kitsch: gli occhi dei genitori brillano di orgoglio, ed è difficile scuotersi di dosso l’angosciante sensazione che queste bambine non siano altro che delle grottesche bamboline lanciate sulla scena proprio per il compiacimento ossessivo di mamma e papà.

Cosa può spingere due genitori a far partecipare la figlia in tenera età ad uno di questi concorsi? Certo, può essere l’ammirazione “cieca” per la propria bambina. Può essere anche che, come dichiarano molti genitori, spedirle sul palco sia un modo per educarle, per migliorare la loro autostima, per insegnare loro a parlare in pubblico… Eppure, c’è anche qualcos’altro.

Ogni anno negli Stati Uniti si svolgono 25.000 concorsi di bellezza per bambine. Le quote di iscrizione vanno da poche centinaia fino a svariate migliaia di dollari. I vestiti su misura da soli possono costare anche più di 5000$, senza parlare degli accessori di trucco e dei compensi per parrucchiere e make-up artist professioniste. Visti le spese altissime, le bambine che partecipano a un solo concorso di bellezza praticamente non esistono: se si fa l’investimento, tocca almeno rientrare della spesa.
Così, la maggioranza dei genitori accompagna le figlie da un concorso all’altro, spostandosi di stato in stato, seguendo un calendario serrato ed estenuante. Nonostante per la legge americana i concorsi di bellezza non possano essere considerati un lavoro (e non ricadano quindi nelle leggi sullo sfruttamento del lavoro minorile), per le piccole miss si tratta di un vero e proprio impegno a tempo pieno. I premi e i trofei — talvolta più alti delle vincitrici stesse! — implicano vincite in denaro, contratti con riviste di moda e sponsor, più tutta una galassia di beni di lusso come vestiti, elettronica, ecc.. È un’industria da un miliardo di dollari l’anno.

Per questo motivo la controversia riguardante questi concorsi è tutt’ora aspra. In particolare, si è molto discusso sulla sessualizzazione infantile messa in scena in questi eventi, anche in relazione alla pedofilia. In questo strano e assurdo contesto, infatti, i genitori possono trasformare le loro figliolette di cinque anni in vere e proprie femmes fatales, con rossetti di fuoco e ciglia lunghissime, tacchi alti e abiti da sera. Cercando di fare delle loro bambine proprio quello che terrorizza gli altri genitori: un oggetto del desiderio.

Francesco Lentini

Nov15

Francesco Lentini nacque nel 1889 a Rosolini, in provincia di Siracusa. I suoi genitori avevano altri 11 figli, e quando rifiutarono di riconoscere Francesco, di certo non pensavano che sarebbe divenuto una celebrità mondiale con nomi d’arte del calibro di “meraviglia delle meraviglie”, “la sfida della natura”, ecc.

I Lentini avevano avuto, in realtà, 12 figli e mezzo: Francesco infatti inglobava nel suo corpo anche le vestigia di un gemello siamese parassita (cioè non completamente sviluppato). Aveva tre gambe, due apparati genitali, e un piede rudimentale formatosi sul ginocchio della terza gamba. Quindi, facendo un rapido calcolo, Francesco poteva vantare tre gambe, quattro piedi, sedici dita dei piedi, e due aree genitali funzionanti. I medici che lo esaminarono decisero che operarlo sarebbe stato rischioso, perché il gemello parassita era collegato alla spina dorsale, e la rimozione poteva risultare in una paralisi degli arti inferiori.

Dopo essere stato ripudiato dai genitori, Francesco venne cresciuto da una zia, che ad un certo punto decise di affidarlo a una clinica per persone disabili. Lì il piccolo Lentini venne a contatto con bambini ciechi, sordi e con altri problemi motori molto più gravi dei suoi, e cominciò ad accettare la sua terza gamba, che aveva odiato fino ad allora. Imparò non soltanto a camminare, ma a correre, saltare la corda, andare in bicicletta e addirittura pattinare sul ghiaccio. La sua esperienza alla casa di recupero fu decisiva nel fornirgli la motivazione per lottare e vivere, come avrebbe dichiarato più tardi.

All’età di nove anni, Lentini emigrò negli Stati Uniti, dove iniziò la sua sfolgorante carriera nei sideshow americani: prima con i Ringling Bros., poi con il circo di Barnum & Bailey, poi ancora a Coney Island, e infine con lo show di Buffalo Bill. A 30 anni ottenne la cittadinanza americana. I suoi spettacoli affascinavano il pubblico per via del suo senso dell’umorismo e della sua signorilità. Aveva inoltre uno stupefacente controllo sulla sua appendice “extra”, con cui poteva calciare una palla, oppure su cui si sedeva come se fosse uno sgabello. Le sue gambe erano tutte di lunghezza differente. “Anche con tre gambe, non ne ho manco un paio”, scherzava.

La sua personalità affascinante conquistò infine una giovane ragazza, Theresa Murray, e Lentini la sposò. Ebbero quattro figli di sana costituzione. Lentini continuò ad esibirsi fino alla morte, sopravvenuta nel 1966 (morto a 77 anni, Lentini è il più longevo uomo con tre gambe della storia). La sua carriera durò più di quarant’anni, e contribuì al successo dei maggiori circhi e sideshow d’America. Francesco era talmente rispettato per la sua affabilità che nel circuito era spesso soprannominato semplicemente “il Re”.